Two AUES Munitions Discovered on Western Edge of Civil War Fort

WTOP has learned two metal canisters [sic] discovered Tuesday in Fort Totten Park, in Northeast D.C., were World War I-era weapons, with physical similarities to chemical weapons found during a decades-long cleanup of a former chemical weapons site near the American University campus ... “We expect preliminary/unofficial results on content this week, and final confirmation next week,” [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) spokesperson Cynthia] Mitchell wrote in an email.  This is not the first time a World War I-era weapon has been discovered in Ft. Totten — one of seven Northeast D.C. forts used by the Union Army to defend the nation’s capital during the Civil War.  In 2020, the National Park Service [NPS] discovered a World War I-era metal canister [sic] on the ground in a different area of Ft. Totten Park ... WTOP reported last year that the empty shell found in 2020 had been modified for use as a chemical weapon.  Mitchell said the canisters [sic] discovered Tuesday were very similar to chemical weapons found in Ward 3’s Spring Valley cleanup at the former American University Experiment Station [AUES] used by the U.S. government for research and testing of chemical agents, equipment and munitions — once dubbed the “mother of all toxic dumps.” 

New AUES rounds were found on west side of Ft. Totten

“Munition one is ‘Livens-like’ — it doesn’t fit the exact measurements of the Livens projectors we’ve encountered during the Spring Valley cleanup, but it is very similar,” said Mitchell.  A Livens Projector was a simple mortar-like weapon that could throw large drums filled with toxic or flammable chemicals ... “Munition two is a 75 mm ordinance with a hex plug burster adapter, and is very typical of past finds at Spring Valley,” said Mitchell.  In a February 2022 interview, Spring Valley cleanup project manager Dan Noble told WTOP the shell found in 2020 had been modified for use as a chemical weapon.  “When we looked at the X-rays, it was a 75-millimeter ordnance item that we encounter quite a bit at Spring Valley.  It had a hex plug burster adapter screwed into the nose, ... [which] would convert what was developed as a conventional munition into a chemical munition,” Noble said.  D.C. Del. Eleanor Holmes Norton and ANC commissioners Zachary Ammerman and Gordon-Andrew Fletcher have been calling on the NPS to more fully search the Ward 5 park, to investigate a possible link to the Spring Valley cleanup of chemical weapons.
Neal Augenstein

WTOP News

April 20, 2023
  
People who live around Ft. Totten Park said they weren’t surprised when someone found more mystery items buried beneath the soil there Tuesday afternoon.  The National Park Service [NPS] closed part of the park after one of its employees found two metal canisters [sic] in a mound of soil.  NPS subsequently urged locals to stay away from cordoned off part of the park east of Fort Totten Drive, south of Gallatin Street, & north of Brookland Avenue NE.  Metro trains even bypassed the nearby Ft. Totten station, for more than an hour, as federal authorities conducted their investigation.  NPS said the canisters [sic], which appeared to be pushed into the park from the road, will be analyzed by the U.S. Army at Marine Corps Base Quantico ...

This latest discovery comes after NPS found an empty, unfused World War I-era metal canister [sic] in Ft. Totten Park in July 2020.  Its discovery prompted locals to push NPS to further examine the park for similar canisters [sic] and possible WWI-era munitions ... Local Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner Zach Ammerman contacted Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton about the issue.  She, in turn, wrote a letter to NPS Director Charles Sams to investigate ordnances and soil and groundwater contamination throughout Ft. Totten Park.  She specifically noted she was disappointed NPS only looked at parts of the park around Fort Totten Trail after she requested a “thorough investigation” following a meeting in 2020 with the service, the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority.  “I believe it is imperative that NPS conduct an investigation throughout Ft. Totten Park,” she said.  “This park is located in a residential neighborhood and is regularly used” ...

Spring Valley WMDs were unearthed at Ft. Totten

Ammerman believes the discoveries in Fort Totten Park are tied to weapons waste material, once found in DC’s Spring Valley neighborhood in Upper Northwest D.C., in 1993.  “I think we just need to do testing of the entire [Ft. Totten Park] and quit pretending like there’s not an issue when there clearly is,” he said.  According to the US Corps of Army Engineers, Baltimore District [USACE], during World War I, the US government used the American University Experiment Station [AUES], in Spring Valley, to research and test chemical agents, equipment, and munitions.  A remediation project at that site, located along the 4800 block of Glenbrook Road, concluded in August 2021 with the ultimate discovery of more than 550 munition items.  Officials said 23 of them had been filled with chemical agents.

The NPS said the source of the empty canister [sic] found in Ft. Totten Park has still not been determined.  However, during a meeting in January 2021, Dan Noble, the USACE’s Spring Valley Project Manager, said [pg. 7] it was possible the Ft. Totten canister [sic] did originate in Upper Northwest: “[D. Noble] explained that USACE inspected and obtained x-rays of the shell,” a meeting transcript reads.  “The shell was found to be a 75mm with a hex plug.  This type of munition was often found in Spring Valley” ... Ammerman said he wished the issues at Ft. Totten were treated with the same urgency as they were in Spring Valley.  “Why can’t we get – I think I know why – just an iota of attention that was given to the other side of D.C. where the richest people in D.C. live, here?” he said ... WUSA-9 reached out to NPS to see if it has any plans to examine the entirety of Ft. Totten Park for munitions, ordinances, or any other types of waste.  It said it is working to determine the next steps to evaluate the area and no other additional information on the park is available at this time.
John Henry

WUSA-9

April 19, 2023

NPS Stonewalls Congresswoman on "thorough" Testing at Fort Totten

I finally deduced how the NPS [National Park Service] can continue to play dumb about the WW I-era munition discovered in eastern Ft. Totten Park in July 2020.  The key is the Feb. 27 update [below] where they say: “WMATA can best speak to the material that was placed and removed from the site.”  That’s because in 1992, when the Park Service ordered the contaminated fill material from Glenbrook Road to be removed from the original western Ft. Totten dump site, it was WMATA contractors — not the NPS! — who actually hauled it to the narrow eastern arm of the park between Galloway & Gallatin streets.  That’s why, in another section of their update, the Park Service says: 

“The source of the munition [discovered in 2020] is unknown. Fort Totten was used by the Army only during the Civil War, and there is no record of military activity around Fort Totten that would explain why a WWI munition would be found at a site.”

I.e., if WMATA will just admit for the record that their contractors moved 60 cubic yards of toxic fill from west to east Ft. Totten in 1992, then the Park Service can finally justify conducting the broader search for munitions debris and laboratory waste (that we all want) on both sides of the original foot path. 

~ Allen Hengst

On Apr 10, 2023, at 2:19 PM, Truding, Bradley <bradley.truding@mail.house.gov> wrote:

NPS hasn’t yet responded.  We check in with NPS periodically on the status of the response.  It is not uncommon for NPS and other federal entities to take many months to respond to inquiries from members of Congress. 

~ Bradley Truding

   Office of Congresswoman Norton

   April 10, 2023

 

On Apr 10, 2023, at 2:12 PM, ALLEN HENGST <ahengst@verizon.net> wrote:

 

It’s now been over two months since Congresswoman Norton sent a letter to NPS Director Charles Sams about conducting a more “thorough” investigation of Ft. Totten Park.  As you may recall, she requested a response from them by February 28, 2023.  Can you please let me know if the Park Service ever answered the Congresswoman?  If so, can I please see a copy of the Director’s written response?

 

Thank you,

Allen

 Email to Norton's office (4/11/23)

In the 1980s, the NPS authorized the Washington Metropolitan Transit Authority (WMATA) to use two areas of Fort Totten Park for the construction of the Ft. Totten Metro Station and the Green Line. The area where the NPS is constructing the new Fort Totten trail (to the east of the Ft. Totten Metrorail Station, between Gallatin and Galloway Streets NE) was reportedly used for construction of the Green Line tunnel ... WMATA reports that no fill material from off-site was brought to the site.  WMATA was also authorized to use a separate portion of Fort Totten Park to the west of the Ft. Totten Metrorail Station to stage construction equipment.  A 0.75-acre portion of the park was cleared and compacted for the staging area ...  

In 1992, WMATA excavated the staging area and placed 60 cubic yards of uncompacted fill material in the park.  During the placement of the fill, workers complained of eye and respiratory irritation.  The fill also contained large amounts of various [munitions] debris.  The NPS required that WMATA remove the fill and replace it with clean fill [pg. 3].  In 2014, it was confirmed that the source of the original fill was 4825 [and 4835] Glenbrook Road NW [pgs. 13 - 14] within the Spring Valley Formerly Used Defense Site , a property ... impacted by the release of hazardous substances.  The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is currently remediating the site.  Following the removal of contaminated soil from the staging area in 1992, there were reports suggesting the potential that a portion of the contaminated fill remained on the wooded slope.  In 2019, the NPS and WMATA performed additional soil testing to determine whether there was residual contamination ... WMATA can best speak to the material that was placed and removed from the site ... 

Excerpt from Ft. Totten "Toxic Waste Timeline"

In 2020, a contractor working for the NPS discovered a WWI-era empty metal canister [75mm artillery shell] on the surface of the ground while working on the Ft. Totten Trail.  At the time, the NPS thought that the canister could be an unexploded ordnance, and the canister was immediately removed from the site and inspected by the Department of Defense (DOD). The information provided by DOD indicates the munition was an unfused, unused, empty canister [modified with a hexagonal plug to accommodate poison gas], and it was safely disposed of.  The source of the munition [pg. 5] is unknown [sic]. Ft. Totten was used by the Army only during the Civil War, and there is no record [sic] of military activity around Ft. Totten that would explain why a WW-I munition would be found at a site ...

Work [on the trail] was paused again in early 2022, after the NPS uncovered a portion of Metrorail infrastructure during trail construction.  The NPS then conducted a thorough review, consulted with engineers and engaged with WMATA and determined that we will need to redesign the trail with a new alignment.  It is our intent to complete the trail design in 2023. 

National Park Service

Update on Ft. Totten

February 27, 2023

Norton Demands Answers from Park Service by End of February

There’s a new push to investigate Fort Totten Park in D.C. for the possible link between the 2020 discovery of an empty World War I shell and the decadeslong Spring Valley cleanup of chemical weapons.  Last year, D.C. Del. Eleanor Holmes Norton said she was assured no other evidence of weapons or safety concerns had been found.  “They assured they have done a very thorough search of the entire area,” Norton told WTOP in March 2022.  “That’s all I have to go on, and I’m going to have to hold them to it.”  Now, Norton has asked the director of the National Park Service to dig deeper — literally, and figuratively.  In a Feb. 7 letter to park service head Charles Sams III, Norton requests the agency to “investigate ordnances and soil and groundwater contamination throughout Fort Totten Park.” 

Last year, Norton was briefed by the Park Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [USACE] and the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority [WMATA] about the scope of the NPS investigation.  Three decades ago, in 1993, a contractor digging a utility trench in Spring Valley in Northwest uncovered buried military ordnance, which prompted the USACE investigation that revealed homes on Glenbrook Road were built on top of chemical weapon burial pits.  The Spring Valley cleanup at the former American University Experiment Station — used by the U.S. government for research and testing of chemical agents, equipment and munitions — was once dubbed the “mother of all toxic dumps."  In July 2020, the National Park Service discovered an empty shell during construction of a paved trail through wooded parkland located east of Fort Totten station.  

Norton pushes for wider investigation at Ft. Totten 

As WTOP reported, the empty 75 mm shell had been modified for use as a chemical weapon and was similar to the weapons discovered in Spring Valley, according to Dan Noble of USACE, project manager of the Spring Valley cleanup.  The 2020 discovery of the shell paused construction of a trail that would let residents in the Michigan Park neighborhood walk to the Ft. Totten Metro, instead of using the informal trail through the woods that they’ve used in the past.  ANC commissioner Zachary Ammerman, representing Ft. Totten and North Michigan Park, has been pushing for more investigation.  He has compiled a Ft. Totten Toxic Waste Timeline.  Ammerman said only a small portion of the park, near where the construction was underway, has been searched. 

“Only a tiny segment of it has actually been tested so far.”  “They spent, I believe, around $300 million [slide #10] and spent about 28 years cleaning up the Spring Valley site,” Ammerman said.  “All I’m trying to get is a small amount of the attention that was given to Spring Valley, which is the wealthiest area of D.C.”  Neighboring ANC commissioner Gordon-Andrew Fletcher has also called for future investigation ... “Give the same attention to this area, which has had potentially toxic waste sitting in a neighborhood park for 30 years,” said Ammerman.  “I am committed to ensuring that residents across the District are safe from ordnance, chemical weapons and soil and groundwater contamination,” Norton said, while requesting a response from the park service by the end of the month.
Neal Augenstein
WTOP News
February 8, 2023

Ft. Totten ANC Wants More Testing in Vicinity of Toxic Dump Sites

So far, only limited areas around the trail and the original WMATA staging area [at Ft. Totten] have undergone any sort of testing.  There is very good reason to believe that the known toxic soil moved [pgs. 13 - 14] from the WMATA staging area in 1992 was used in the landscape restoration project ... a few hundred yards to the east — that's why the [AUES] soil was brought to the Ft. Totten area to begin with ... The vast majority of the area of concern — where landscape restoration took place [pg. 2] at the exact time and place a large portion of known toxic soil went missing, and in the exact location where a WWI-era chemical weapon was found 30 years later — remains completely untested ... 

Higher levels of chemicals found along trail (ANC 5A-09)

Spring Valley is the richest part of DC, and is overwhelmingly white.  Why, then, when that wealthy part of DC dumps its toxic waste in a majority black neighborhood park on the other side of town, do we have to wait thirty-plus years to get some simple tests conducted?  We know with certainty that at least some of the exact same toxic soil that caused a thirty-year cleanup project in the wealthiest part of DC ended up here, in a middle class black neighborhood, why hasn't there been even a fraction of the effort on this side of DC?  There is ample evidence to suggest that there may well be chemical weapons and/or dangerous levels of chemicals of concern in our neighborhood park — more testing needs to be done.  

Zachary Ammerman, ANC 5A-09
Ft. Totten "Toxic Waste Timeline"
January 16, 2023

Park Service Misled Delegate at Closed-Door Ft. Totten Briefing

WWI shell closed trail between Galloway & Gallatin streets

Allen Hengst:  The Spring Valley FUDS clean-up team does not want to have anything to do with the contaminated soil which was moved [pgs. 13 - 14]  from Glenbrook Road to Fort Totten 30 years ago.  I understand that you washed your hands of that responsibility, but I am pursuing it now with Delegate Norton and ... had a long discussion with her staff last week about the Park Service’s [NPS] so-called investigation of a WWI-era 75mm exposed at Fort Totten Station two years ago.  That artillery shell with a hex plug was dumped in 1992 after multiple tons of soil containing munitions debris and lab waste from the 4825/4835 Glenbrook Road construction site was refused [pg. B-7] at Lorton Landfill ... 

 

[In 2021, NPS] searched the footpath, which is about 30 feet wide and 200 feet long.  The soil that was moved from the western section of Fort Totten Park on the orders of the Park Service ... to the area where this footpath is — there is no way on God’s green earth that all of that could have been put in that tiny area.  [The Park Service] needs to explore to the east and west ... [Norton] either misunderstood what the [NPS] said, or they have misled her.  The entire area is not the footpath.  She thinks that they searched the entire area, and they are probably thinking, "well we did search the entire area and the entire area is the footpath."  Sorry, that is not good enough.

AUES-Spring Valley FUDS

RAB Meeting Minutes

July 12, 2022 (pg. 11)

X-ray of 75mm shell with hex plug at top (slide #26)

 

Dear Congresswoman Norton,    
... Please note that the ultimate destination of the 1992 toxic Spring Valley fill material was a narrow wooded strip of land east of the Metro station between Gallatin and Galloway Streets, NE, approximately “2100 feet” [sic] east of the original staging area (August 2021 PA/SI Report, Introduction, pg. 2).  The controversy that obliges me to write today’s certified letter and my March 12, 2022, blog post — entitled “Norton Falls for NPS Whitewash of Fort Totten WWI-Era Munition" — can be neatly summed up by the statement: it all depends on what you mean by “the entire area.”  In his March news article WTOP Reporter Augenstein quotes you extensively, regarding your closed-door session with relevant officials involved in the NPS investigation at Ft. Totten, as stating: 

  

“We had a very in-depth meeting.  There has been a thorough search of the entire area, and no additional ordnance or issues had been turned up — I hope I can rely on that, this time.”  “They have assured me that they have done a very thorough search of the entire area.” ... “When they say the entire area, that’s what I’m going to hold them to.”
   

Of course, as documented in the previously cited August 2021 PA/SI Report, last year's investigation for additional buried Spring Valley WW-I ordnance and COPCs was anything but "thorough."  Even though the NPS knew, based on its 2019 SI Report that multiple tons of "uncompacted fill material” was dumped in western Ft. Totten in 1992 "as part of landscape restoration” [Section 2.2, pg. 5] and then removed, the recovery of an AUES UXO in July 2020 on the narrow strip of park land in eastern Ft. Totten did not trigger the wider examination that such a discovery should have warranted.  Instead, the agency chose to coverup the existence of additional buried munitions debris and laboratory waste, issuing a clean bill of health for this poisoned site.  In short, I believe the Park Service simply examined the narrow quarter-acre footpath and misrepresented that perfunctory search to the Congresswoman as an investigation of "the entire area."
Allen Hengst

Letter to Congresswoman Norton

August 19, 2022

Ft. Totten footpath in March & August, 2021

EPA Reaffirms 2020 Decision to Not Regulate Perchlorate in Water

The Biden administration on Thursday said it would uphold a Trump-era decision and not impose limits in drinking water of perchlorate, a contaminant that has been linked to brain damage in infants.  The announcement from the Environmental Protection Agency shocked public health advocates who had denounced the Trump administration in 2020 for opting not to regulate perchlorate.  The chemical is a component in rocket fuel, ammunition and explosives ... The Trump administration had found that perchlorate did not meet the criteria for regulation because it did not appear in drinking water “with a frequency and at levels of public health concern.”  Activists at the time accused the E.P.A. of disregarding science.  After President Biden took office, the agency launched a review of the decision and on Thursday endorsed it, saying it was “supported by the best available peer-reviewed science.”  

 

The E.P.A. said it would take other action, like setting up new monitoring tools and doing more to clean up contaminated sites, “to ensure that public health is protected from perchlorate in drinking water” ... Perchlorate can occur naturally, but high concentrations have been found in at least 26 states, often near military installations ... Research has shown that by interfering with the thyroid gland’s iodine uptake, perchlorate can stunt the production of hormones essential to the development of fetuses, infants and children ... The American Academy of Pediatrics, which had told the agency that perchlorate can cause a significant drop in the I.Q. of newborns and urged the “strongest possible” limits on the contaminant, declined to comment on Thursday.
Lisa Friedman

New York Times  

March 31, 2022

40 states manufacture or use perchlorate (EPA)

“The EPA’s failure to protect drinking water from widespread perchlorate contamination is unscientific, unlawful, and unconscionable,” said Erik D. Olson, Senior Strategic Director for Health at NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council).  “The Trump EPA gave perchlorate a pass; it was a bad decision then, and it’s a bad decision now.  Tap water across America will remain contaminated by this toxic chemical, which threatens the brain development of babies in the womb, infants, and young children at extremely low levels.”  The Trump EPA relied on a deeply flawed analysis to select a “safe” perchlorate level that is 10 or more times higher than health-based limits set by state authorities who have evaluated the same data.  EPA then compared levels of perchlorate in tap water to their unjustifiably high “safe” levels and said there are not [sic] a lot of systems exceeding safe levels, so there is no need for regulation of perchlorate.  The agency relied primarily upon a two decade-old EPA snapshot of perchlorate levels in tap water and ignored other more recent data from USGS [United States Geological Survey] and others showing widespread perchlorate contamination ...

San Bernardino perchlorate bio-remediation unit (Perez)

The Defense Department (DOD) and its contractors are major users of perchlorate and there are innumerable DOD facilities where perchlorate pollution has been identified.  DOD has opposed strict controls on perchlorate, in an apparent attempt to minimize its cleanup costs. Since perchlorate is unregulated, there is no federally required monitoring of tap water or requirement to inform a community of contamination.  In 2011, the EPA formally decided that perchlorate should be regulated because it is toxic and widespread, with the drinking water of as many as 16 million people contaminated by the chemical.  When the Agency failed to develop a standard by the deadline, NRDC sued, and then secured a court-approved consent decree requiring the EPA to issue a drinking water standard for perchlorate by 2019 ... NRDC agreed to extend the court-ordered deadline to 2020 when the Trump Administration asked for additional time.  Ignoring the court order, the Trump EPA announced in 2020 that it was purporting to rescind the Obama finding that a standard should be set, contending that EPA’s 2008 health advisory for perchlorate in drinking water is far more protective of health than needed.

Filter breaks apart perchlorate by using bacteria (Perez)

NRDC sued the Trump EPA for refusing to set a standard; that case was held in abeyance with NRDC’s agreement when the Biden Administration said it would review the Trump Administration decision on perchlorate ... Massachusetts and California have set their own drinking water standards of 2 ppb to 6 ppb, respectively, because of inaction at the federal level.  EPA now cites the reduction in levels of tap water contamination in those two states as a reason that no national standard is needed, refusing to address the widespread contamination in other states.  EPA previously had found that as many as 16 million Americans’ tap water contains perchlorate, though it has not required national monitoring since a one-time snapshot done two decades ago.  The Obama EPA found in 2011 that a perchlorate drinking water standard was needed to protect health from the endocrine disrupting chemical, especially that of vulnerable fetuses and young children.  This finding triggered a legal duty to regulate perchlorate.        

Margie Kelly

NRDC

March 31, 2022

Norton Falls for NPS Whitewash of Fort Totten WW I-Era Munition

Learning of a possible link between an empty World War I shell, found in 2020 during construction of a trail through Fort Totten Park, and the decades-long Spring Valley cleanup of chemical weapons was concerning to D.C. Del. Eleanor Holmes Norton.  Now, after calling for a meeting with the heads of the National Park Service and the Army Corps of Engineers, Norton told WTOP she has been assured that no other evidence of World War I weapons or safety concerns have been discovered.  “I could not believe that we were finding unexploded ordnance,” said Norton.  “Not after what we went through, in 1993” ... The 1993 discovery [of a munitions burial pit on 52nd Court] prompted the Spring Valley cleanup in Northwest D.C. at the former American University Experiment Station (AUES) used by the U.S. government for research and testing of chemical agents, equipment and munitions — once dubbed the “mother of all toxic dumps” ...

As WTOP reported, the empty 75 mm shell found at Ft. Totten had been modified for use as a chemical weapon, and was similar to the weapons discovered in Spring Valley, according to Dan Noble of the Corps of Engineers, project manager of the Spring Valley cleanup.  Norton said she was told the ordnance discovered at Ft. Totten had likely been there since 1992, when contaminated soil from Spring Valley was trucked to a landscaping project at the Ft. Totten Metro station ... In 1992, the heavy equipment operator spreading Glenbrook Road soil at the Ft. Totten Metro site felt sickened from the fumes of the soil, and the U.S. Park Service ordered it be removed.  “We had a very in-depth meeting,” with park service and Army Corps officials, said Norton.  “There has been a thorough search of the entire area [sic], and no additional ordnance or issues had been turned up — I hope I can rely on that, this time.”  “They have assured me that they have done a very thorough search of the entire area,” Norton added ... “When they say the entire area, that’s what I’m going to hold them to,” Norton said.

Neal Augenstein

WTOP News

March 9, 2022

Area closed by UXO at Ft. Totten is highlighted (NPS)

 

In the April 2019 SI Report, the NPS said that “approximately 60 yards of uncompacted fill material,” containing Glenbrook Road soil contaminated with AUES munitions debris and laboratory waste, was dumped in the western section of Ft. Totten "as part of landscape restoration” in 1992 (Section 2.2, pg.5). Due to fumes that sickened the bulldozer operator who was spreading the fill material, the NPS subsequently ordered the toxic soil to be removed. As you know, the July 2020 75mm shell — recovered in a narrow wooded strip of land located east of the metro station between Gallatin and Galloway Streets, NE — had been adapted with a hexagonal plug to accommodate poison gas. Logic dictates that the 2020 discovery of this AUES munition, “2100 feet" east (August 2021 PA/SI Report, Introduction, pg. 2) of the 1992 dumping, originated from the Glenbrook Road construction sites and was, in fact, part of the multiple tons of relocated fill material. Even though the NPS — and now apparently Congresswoman Norton — are “reassured” that the April 2021 survey was “thorough,” I’m frankly horrified by this blatant obfuscation. As if the original transfer of toxic waste from one of the wealthier residential areas of our nation’s capital to a working class, Northeast neighborhood wasn’t bad enough, the NPS’ current boneheaded cover-up just compounds the error.

Allen Hengst

Email to Project Mgr. Noble

March 9, 2022